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ENGRAVINGS 


OF 


THE  ARTERIES. 


BY  J.  P.  HOPKINSON,  M.  D. 

DEMONSTRATOR  OF  ANATOMY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF 
PENNSYLVANIA,  &C.  &C. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED  BY  J.  G.  AUNER, 
No.  333  Market  Street. 


1833, 


\-\'<Drp  ^ ^ 


ZZUttVttS, 

According  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tire  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
thirty-three,  by  J.  P.  HOPKLNSON,  M.  D.  in  the  Clerk’s  Office  of  the  District 
Court,  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


TO 


WILLIAM  E.  HORNER.  M.  D. 

PROFESSOR  OF  ANATOMY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF 
PENNSYLVANIA,  &c.  kc. 

My  Dear  Sir, 

The  great  interest  you  evince  in  anatomical 
pursuits,  and  the  indefatigable  exertions,  for  the  instruction  of 
your  pupils,  that  characterize  your  course  of  lectures,  induce 
me  to  hope  that  any  effort  to  facilitate  the  progress  of  the  student 
of  anatomy,  will  meet  with  a favorable  reception  at  your  hands. 
This  little  production,  however,  advances  another  claim  to  your 
kind  attention,  since  the  “ Special  Anatomy”  has  been  assumed, 
mainly  as  a guide  in  its  composition.  Should  the  former  be  found 
worthy  to  attend  the  latter,  the  great  object  in  its  construction 
must  be  accomplished. 

With  assurances  of  the  highest  esteem  and  personal  regard, 

I remain  your’s  sincerely, 

J.  P.  HOPKINS®*,  M.  D. 

Philadelphia,  January  1,  1833, 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


■ 

a 


https://archive.org/details/engravingsofarte01hopk 


V 


ADDRESS 

TO  THE  AMERICAN  STUDENT  OF  MEDICINE. 

In  putting  forth  this  collection  of  drawings,  illustrating  the  distribution  of  tha 
arterial  system,  it  is  to  you  that  I now  address  myself,  as  it  is  for  you  that  the 
work  was  undertaken.  Numerous  as  are  the  treatises  on  the  subject  of  the  arte- 
ries, accurate  and  elegant  as  may  be  the  engravings  accompanying  them,  they 
are  generally  much  too  expensive  to  find  a place  on  the  table  of  the  medical 
student,  whose  means  (often  limited,)  should  be  most  ample,  to  meet,  all  the 
demands  made  upon  them,  during  the  course  of  a medical  education. 

Such  engravings,  too,  being  more  calculated  to  revive  particulars  which  had 
only  escaped  the  memory,  than  to  impress  them  originally,  are  better  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a graduate  who  once  knew  them,  than  of  a student  who  has  yet  to 
learn  them.  Being  executed  on  a grand  scale,  and  with  much  pretension,  the 
difficulty  of  reference  is  exactly  so  much  the  greater.  The  more  perfect  and 
complete  the  work,  in  fine,  the  less  is  it  calculated  to  render  assistance  to  a be- 
ginner in  the  study,  who  requires  simplicity  and  conciseness  of  description,  and 
facility  of  reference.  This  is  not  said  with  a view  to  detract  from  the  merit  of 
any  such  work,  but  rather  as  an  apology  for  offering  a production,  in  many  re- 
spects so  inferior  to  its  predecessors. 

Since  I have  been  engaged  in  teaching  anatomy,  I have  constantly  remarked 
the  great  difficulty  encountered  by  the  student  in  learning  the  arterial  ramifica- 
tions, and  how  easily  he  forgot  them.  This,  I believe,  has  arisen  from  the  im- 
proper mode  in  which  he  undertook  to  learn  them : I will  therefore  offer  a 
remark  on  this  subject. 

There  are  two  ways  in  which  the  arteries  are  studied : The  one  consists  in 

committing  to  memory,  merely,  the  names  of  the  main  trunks — the  branches 
that  come  off  from  them,  and  the  order  of  their  succession  : This  is  book  anato- 
my. The  other  is  the  dissecting  and  tracing  out  the  arteries  in  connection  with 
the  muscles,  nerves,  &c.  that  surround  them : This  constitutes  surgical  anatomy. 
The  first  prepares,  simply,  for  an  examination : the  second  for  actual  practice. 
Now  it  unfortunately  happens,  in  the  usual  course  of  instruction,  that  the  latter 
mode,  if  ever  pursued  at  all,  is  made  to  precede  the  former.  Thus,  during  the 
first  winter,  the  student  goes  through  his  dissecting  campaign,  and  gets  some 
general  ideas  of  anatomy — seldom  more.  The  second  winter  arrives,  and  he  is 
a candidate  ! — He  has  no  time  to  dissect  now : the  time  is  too  precious  for  that : 
he  must  read  over  the  lectures — anatomy  among  the  rest.  Now  it  is,  that  he 
pores  over  the  muscles — the  nerves — the  arteries  &c.  and  perhaps  commits  them 
to  memory.  Upon  this  he  graduates,  and  commences  the  practice  of  surgery  ! 
— Is  not  this  an  occurrence  of  every  year,  and  is  it  not  to  be  regretted  ? I will 
not  here  urge  upon  you  the  importance  of  dissections,  but  merely  suggest  a plan, 
by  which  you  may  acquire  a more  useful  knowledge  of  the  vascular  and  ner- 
vous systems,  at  least.  Suppose  you  reverse  the  order  generally  adopted,  and 


VI 


study  them  first,  learning  them  by  rote,  if  you  will,  (since  this  seems  so  essential,) 
so  that  you  can  enumerate  all  the  principal  branches,  as  they  come  off  in  succes- 
sion ; you  may  then  proceed  to  the  dissection,  with  more  ability  to  trace  them,  and  a 
better  chance  of  recollecting  them,  in  their  most  important  relations  to  other  parts. 

Generally,  the  main  object  of  pursuit  with  the  young  anatomist,  is  the  mus- 
cular system,  because  it  is  less  difficult,  and  affords  more  employment  to  the 
hands  and  knife ; and  seldom  does  he  finish  his  first  subject,  with  more  than  a 
general  knowledge  of  the  muscles,  and  the  contents  of  the  gTeat  cavities.  If, 
however,  you  endeavor  from  the  very  commencement,  to  learn  somewhat  of  the 
arteries  and  nerves,  while  engaged  in  dissecting  the  muscles,  or  can  accomplish 
so  much,  as  once  to  know  them  well  in  this  way,  all  the  associations  of  this  first 
dissection,  will  be  easily  revived  by  the  book ; — and  thus  it  will  assist  you, 
which  is,  perhaps,  all  that  it  can  do.  Now,  it  is  with  the  hope  of  facilitating  the 
accomplishment  of  both  these  objects,  in  relation  to  the  arterial  system,  that  this 
work  has  been  undertaken,  of  which  I shall  next  say  a few  words. 

The  plan  adopted,  consists  in  a duplicate  representation  of  the  arteries.  In 
the  one,  the  outline  only  is  presented,  with  a view  of  assisting  the  memory, 
in  retaining  the  order  of  their  origin  from  the  principal  trunks,  and  of  imparting 
some  preparatory  knowledge.  In  the  other,  as  much  of  the  vessels  as  can  be 
seen  in  their  relative  position  to  the  muscles,  is  displayed  in  a representation  of 
the  part  of  the  body  to  which  they  are  distributed.  In  neither  of  these  is  per- 
fect accuracy  made  an  object,  and  much  less  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter. 
Preciseness  is  often  made  subordinate  to  the  more  important  consideration,  of 
avoiding  confusion,  as  actual  dissection  is  all  essential,  and  will  easily  correct 
such  inaccuracies. 

In  the  outline  representing  the  arterial  ramifications  only,  my  object  has  been 
to  represent  what  may  be  considered  the  first  lesson,  in  which  every  thing  is 
sacrificed  to  clearness  of  comprehension. 

These  are,  in  fact,  merely  copies  from  my  common  place  book ; of  the  dia- 
grams, I have  long  been  in  the  habit  of  using  in  my  lectures,  and  of  the  utility 
of  which,  I am  able  to  adduce  from  experience,  the  strongest  evidence.  One 
addition  has  been  made,  to  which  I would  specially  invite  attention.  The  va- 
rious anastomoses  of  the  arteries,  constitute  so  important  a part  of  their  history, 
particularly  in  relation  to  surgical  operations,  where  sometimes  the  regular  chan- 
nel is  interrupted,  and  the  blood  obliged  to  find  a new  route,  that  I have  intro- 
duced from  authorities  all  the  principal  anastomoses  and  communications,  exist- 
ing among  the  branches.  This  will  be  useful,  by  becoming  at  any  moment  an 
easy  reference  on  that  point. 

Such  as  it  is,  this  work  has  been  made  for  you,  and  not  for  the  author.  Every 
unnecessary  expense,  and  all  useless  display,  have  been  avoided,  to  place  it  with- 
in the  reach  of  every  one,  and  to  make  it  the  student’s  companion  in  the  dis- 
secting room. 

That  these  anticipations  may  not  be  unfounded,  is  the  hope  of 

your  Friend, 


THE  AUTHOR. 


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7 


Plate  I.  EXTERNAL  CAROTID. 

A.  The  common  Carotid,  which  divides  just  above  the  thyroid 
cartilage,  into  the  two  following  : — 

B.  Internal  Carotid,  enlarged  at  its  root,  and  situated  more 
externally  than  the  next. 

C.  External  Carotid,  which  penetrates  into  the  parotid  gland, 
and  at  the  neck  of  the  lower  jaw,  divides  into  internal  max- 
illary and  temporal. 

D.  Internal  Maxillary. 

E.  Great  Temporal.  Emerging  from  the  parotid  gland,  it  passes 
between  the  ear  and  the  zygoma,  and  divides  into  an  ante- 
rior and  a posterior  branch. 

1.  Superior  Thyroid.  Distributed  to  the  larynx  and  thyroid 
gland,  anastomosing  with  the  other  arteries  of  this  gland. 

2.  Laryngeal  Branch  of  Sup.  Thyroid.  Supplying  interior  of 
larynx,  and  crico  thyroid  membrane. 

3.  Lingual.  Distributed  as  Dorsalis  linguae,  Sublingual  and 
Ranina,  to  soft  palate  tonsils,  sublingual  gland,  and  tongue. 

4.  Facial.  Emerging  from  within  the  lower  jaw,  it  winds  around 
its  base  to  become  superficial,  and  is  distributed  by  the  fol- 
lowing five  branches  : — 

5.  First,  Submental,  to  the  muscles  inserted  into  the  chin  j 
anastomosing  with  its  fellow,  inferior  coronary,  &c. 

6.  Second,  Inf.  Labial:  To  the  middle  of  the  chin,  sometimes 
wanting. 

7.  Third,  Inf.  Coronary : To  the  lower  lip  and  the  chin,  anas- 
tomoses with  its  fellow. 

8.  Fourth,  Sup.  Caronary  : To  the  upper  lip,  and  anterior  naris  j 
anastomoses  with  its  fellow. 

9.  Fifth,  Nasal:  To  the  ala  nasi.  The  facial  terminates  at  the 
internal  canthus,  anastomosing  with  the  ophthalmic. 

10.  Inf.  Pharyngeal.  To  the  muscles  and  mucous  lining  of  the 
pharynx. 

11.  Occipital.  Deeply  situated  beneath  the  muscles  of  the  mas- 
toid process.  Goes  to  back  of  head  : anastomoses  with  the 
vertebral  posterior  temporal  and  its  fellow. 

12.  Post.  Auricular.  To  the  external  ear,  and  side  of  the  head. 

13.  Transverse  of  the  Face.  To  the  muscles,  on  the  side  of  face  ; 
anastomoses  with  facial  and  infra  orbitar. 

14.  Middle  Temporal.  Passes  over  zygoma,  penetrates  tempo- 
ral aponeurosis,  and  anastomoses  with  deep  seated  temporals. 

15.  Anterior  Temporal.  To  superior  and  anterior  portion  of 
cranium,  anastomoses  with  the  opthalmic  and  with  its  fellow. 

16.  Posterior  Temporal.  To  superior  and  posterior  portion  of  cra- 
nium, anastomoses  with  the  occipital  and  other  temporals. 


8 


Plate  II.  INTERNAL  MAXILLARY. 

A.  External  Carotid.  B.  Great  Temporal. 

C.  Internal  Maxillary : concealed  by  the  lower  jaw  and  zygo- 
matic arch.  It  passes  first  horizontally,  next  rises  up,  and 
then  passes  obliquely  forward,  to  terminate  at  the  spheno 
palatine  foramen.  It  is  distributed  by  the  following  thirteen 
branches. 

1.  Tympanic.  Through  the  glenoid  fissure  to  the  tympanum. 

2.  Small  Meningeal.  Through  foramen  ovale,  to  the  dura  mater. 
Often  a branch  of  the  next. 

3.  Great  Meningeal.  Through  foramen  spinale,  to  dura  mater  ; 
also  to  interior  of  the  ear. 

4.  Inf.  Dental,  or  Maxillary.  Through  posterior  mental  fora- 
men to  the  lower  jaw  and  teeth,  anastomosing  with  facial. 

5.  Post.  Deep  Temporal.  Beneath  temporal  muscle,  anasto- 
mosing with  other  temporals. 

6.  Pteregoid.  Several  branches  to  the  pteregoid  muscles. 

7.  Baccal.  To  the  buccinator  muscle,  and  mucous  membrane 
of  the  cheek. 

8.  Ant.  Deep  Temporal.  Beneath  temporal  muscle,  anastomo- 
sing with  other  arteries  of  this  muscle. 

9.  Sup.  Alveolar , or  Maxillary.  To  antrum.  Large  and  small 
molar  teeth  of  upper  jaw. 

10.  Infra  Orbitar.  Through  infra  orbitar  canal  : to  antrum. 
Bicuspid  and  incisor  teeth  : anastomoses  with  facial  and  op- 
thalmic. 

11.  Sup.  Palatine.  Through  posterior  palatine  canal:  to  soft 
palate  and  roof  of  the  mouth. 

12.  Sup.  Pharyngeal.  To  the  upper  part  of  the  pharnyx. 

13.  Spheno  Palatine.  Through  spheno  palatine  foramen,  to 
Schneiderian  membrane. 


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9 


Plate  III.  SUBCLAVIAN  AND  AXILLARY. 

A.  Aorta.  From  its  origin  at  the  heart. 

B.  Innominata.  The  root  of  the  right  carotid  and  right  sub- 
clavian. 

C.  Left  carotid.  Arising  directly  from  the  aorta. 

D.  Left  Subclavian.  The  next  trunk,  coming  from  the  aorta. 

E.  E.  Axillarry.  The  continuation  of  the  subclavian. 

1.  Vertebral.  Passing  to  the  foramen,  in  the  transverse  process 
of  the  sixth  cervical  vertebra.  Ascends  to  the  brain. 

2.  Inferior  Thyroid.  Sending  off  the  ascending  cervical,  and 
then  passing  beneath  the  carotid  and  jugular,  to  the  thyroid 
gland,  there  anastomosing  freely. 

3.  Superior  Intercostal.  To  the  two  upper  intercostal  spaces. 


4. 4.  Internal  mammary.  To  the  diaphragm  and  abdominal 
muscles.  It  anastomoses  with  the  intercostal  arteries,  and 
with  the  epigastric. 

5.  Post.  Cervical.  Crosses  the  neck,  to  the  muscles  of  the  sca- 
pula, above. 


6.  Sup.  Scapular.  From  axillary  : to  back  of  scapula.  Anas- 
tomoses with  scapular  artery. 

7.  Sup.  Thoracic. 

8.  Long  Thoracic. 

9.  Acromial  Thoracic. 

10.  Axillary  Thoracic. 

11.11.  Scapular.  To  the  muscles  of  the  scapula  : Teres  : sub- 
scapular, &c. 


External  mammary  arteries,  to  the 
^ parietes  of  the  thorax  and  the  axilla. 
^ Anastomosing  with  the  interior  mam- 
mary and  the  intercostals. 


12.  Dorsal  Branch.  To  back  of  scapula  : anastomoses  with 
superior  scapular. 


13.  Anterior  Circumflex.  Surrounds  neck  of  humerus  in  front : 
to  deltoid  and  shoulder  joint  : anastomoses  with  scapular 
and  the  next. 


14.  Posterior  Circumflex.  Passing  posteriorly  around  neck  of 
humerus,  to  shoulder  joint  and  deltoid:  anastomoses  with 
anterior  circumflex,  and  scapular  arteries. 


10 


Plate  IV.  ARTERIES  OF  THE  ARM  AND  HAND. 

A Brachial.  B.  Radial.  C.  Ulnar. 

1.  Sup.  Deep  Humeral , (Profunda  major.)  Winds  around  back 
of  the  arm,  to  get  to  exterior  condyle  : anastomoses  with  ra- 
dial recurrent. 

2.  Inf.  Deep  Humeral , (Profunda  minor.)  Inner  side  of  arm  and 
internal  condyle. 

3.  Nutritious  Artery.  Through  medullary  foramen,  to  os  humeri. 

4.  Anastomotic.  Upon  internal  condyle,  to  anastomose  with 
ulnar  recurrent. 

5.  Radial  Recurrent . Around  exterior  condyle,  to  anastomose 
with  profunda  major. 

6.  Superficial  Branch  to  Ballof  the  Thumb.  (Superficialis  Volae.) 

7.  Dorsal  branch  to  the  carpus.  (Dorsalis  Carpi.) 

8.  Great  Artery  of  the  thumb.  (Magna  pollicis.)  Along  the 
palmar  surface  of  the  thumb. 

9.  Radial  Branch  of  fore  finger,  (Radialis  Indicis.)  Along  outer 
side  of  fore  finger. 

10.  Deep  seated  Arch.  (Arcus  Profundus.)  Situated  beneath 
flexor  tendons. 

11.  Ulnar  Recurrent.  Around  external  condyle.  Anastomoses 
with  the  anastomotic. 

12.  Interosseal.  On  interroseous  ligament.  Divides  into  anterior 
and  posterior  branches. 

13.  Recurrent  Branch  of  Interrosseal.  To  back  of  elbow,  anas- 
tomosing with  radial  recurrent  and  deep  humeral. 

14.  Dorsal  Bracli , to  back  of  the  hand.  (Dorsalis  Manus.) 

15.  Deep  Ulnar  branch.  (Cubitalis  manus  profunda.)  To  join 
arcus  profundus. 

16.  Superficial  Arch.  (Arcus  Sublimis.)  Situated  between  pal- 
mar aponeurosis  and  flexor  tendons. 

17.  17.  17.  Digital  Branches.  To  sides  of  fingers.  Anastomose 

freely  at  their  extremities. 


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11 


Plate  V.  AORTA. 

A.  Semilunar  valves  of  Aorta,  and  coronary  arteries. 

B.  B.  Termination  of  Aorta  in  common  Jliacs. 

1.  Arteria  Innominata.  The  common  root  to  the  right  sub- 
clavian and  right  carotid. 

2.  2.  Two  Vertebruls.  3.  Left  Carotid.  4.  Left  Subclavain. 

5.  5.  Bronchial.  To  the  lungs. 

6.  6.  Ten  lower  Intercostals.  Anastomosing  with  internal  mam- 
mary. The  last  with  the  lumbar  and  circumflexa  ilii. 

7.  Phrenic.  To  Diaphragm  and  liver.  Anastomoses  with  inter- 
nal mammary  and  intercostals. 

8.  Cceliac.  Divides  into  three  following  branches. 

9.  Sup.  Gastric,  or  Coronary  : to  stomach. 

10.  Splenic  : to  spleen.  11.  Hepatic  : to  liver. 

12.  Sup.  Mesenteric.  To  small  intestines. 

13.  13.  Emulgents  : to  kidnies. 

14.  14.  Lumbar  Arteries.  To  abdominal  muscles  and  medulla 

spinalis,  anastomose  with  epigastric,  circumflex  of  ilium  and 
gluteal. 

15.  15.  Spermatic.  To  testicle  or  ovarium. 

16.  Inf.  Mesenteric.  To  large  intestines. 

17.  Sup.  Hemorrhoidal.  To  the  rectum:  anastomoses  with  other 
haemorrhoidal  and  lateral  sacral. 

18.  Middle  Sacral.  To  sacrum. 

19.  Epigastric.  To  rectus  abdominis  : anastomoses  with  internal 
mammary,  lumbar,  intercostals,  and  spermatic. 

20.  Internal  Mammary  : anastomoses  with  phrenic,  intercostal, 
and  epigastric. 

21.  Circumflex  of  Ileum  : anastomoses  with  ileo  lumbar,  internal 
mammary,  lumbar,  and  intercostal. 


12 


Plate  VI.  EXTERNAL  AND  INTERNAL  ILIACS. 

A.  Aorta.  B — B.  Common  Macs.  C.  Ext.  Mac. 

D.  Int.  Mac.  E.  PouparCs  Ligament.  F.  Foramen  Ovale. 

1 —  1.  Middle  Sacral.  Down  middle  of  sacrum  to  coccyx. 

2 —  2.  Ileo  Lumbar.  To  iliacus  and  quadratus  muscles  : anas- 
tomoses with  circumflexa  ilii  and  lower  lumbar  aiteries. 

3 —  3.  Jjateral  Sacral.  To  interior  of  spinal  canal  : anastomoses 
with  middle  sacral. 

4 —  4.  Obturator.  Passes  through  obturator  foramen  to  hip 
joints,  and  to  muscles  on  inner  side  of  thigh  : anastomoses 
with  ischiatic,  and  surrounds  obturator  foramen. 

5.  Dotted  line  ; representing  obturator  arising  from  epigastric. 

6.  Middle  ILsemorrhoidal.  To  lower  part  of  rectum,  prostate 
gland,  &c. 

7.  Vesical.  To  bladder.  From  root  of  umbilical  artery  of  fetus. 

8.  Uterine.  In  female,  to  uterus  : anastomoses  with  arteries  of 
uterus,  o.varium,and  fallopian  tubes. 

9 — 9.  Gluteal.  Through  ischiatic  foramen,  to  glutei  muscles  : 
anastomoses  with  ischiatic  and  femoral. 

10 — 10.  Ischiatic.  Through  sacro-sciatic  notch,  to  hamstring 
muscles  : anastomoses  with  branches  of  femoral. 

11.  Internal  Pudic.  Branch  of  preceding.  Passes  out  of  pelvis 
and  returns  between  two  sacro-sciatic  ligaments. 

12.  Lower  Ileemorrhoidal.  To  sphincter  ani  muscle. 

13.  Perineal.  Transversely  across  the  perineum. 

14.  Urethro-Bulbar.  To  corpus  spongiosum  urethrae,  at  the  bulb. 

15.  Dorsal  Branch.  To  back  of  penis. 

16.  Cavernous  Artery.  To  cellular  structure  of  penis. 

17.  Circumjlex  of  the  Ilium.  To  iliacus  internus,  and  abdominal 
muscles;  anastomoses  with  ileo-lumbar,  internal  mammary, 
and  lumbar  arteries. 

18.  Epigastric.  To  rectus  abdominis  muscle  : anastomoses  with 
interior  mammary,  lumbar,  and  lower  intercostals. 


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13 


Plate  VII.  FEMORAL  AND  T1BIALS. 

A.  PouparPs  Ligament.  B.  Femoral.  C.  Profunda. 

D.  D.  Tendinous  insertion  of  triceps.  E.  . interior  Tibial. 

F.  Posterior  Tibial. 

1.  Subcutaneous  of  abdomen.  (Art.  ad  cutem  abdominis  ;)  anas- 
tomosing with  epigastric  and  interior  mammary. 

2.  External  Pudics.  To  penis  and  scrotum  : or  labium  ex- 
ternum. 

3.  Extern.  Circumflex.  To  glutei:  vastus  externus,  cruralis, 
knee  and  hip  joints  ; anastomoses  with  gluteal,  ischiatic,  and 
articular  arteries. 

4.  Intern.  Circumflex.  To  adductor  and  hamstring  muscles 
and  hip  joint : anastomoses  with  obturator,  and  external 
circumflex. 

5.  5.  5.  5.  Four  Perforating.  Passing  through  triceps  tendon  to 

gluteus  magnus,  and  flexor  muscles  of  thigh  : anastomoses 
with  external  circumflex,  gluteal,  and  ischiatic. 

6.  Anastomotic.  To  inner  side  of  knee  joint  : anastomoses 
with  the  articular. 

7.  7.  7.7.  7.  Five  Articular.  From  Popliteal  to  knee  joint,  in- 

ternally and  externally. 

8.  8.  Gastrocnemial.  To  two  heads  of  gastrocnemius  muscle. 

S.  Recurrent  Tibial.  To  anastomose  with  articular  arteries. 

10.  Int.  Malleolar.  To  inner  side  of  ancle  joint. 

11.  Ext.  Malleolar.  To  outer  side  of  joint:  anastomoses  with 
peroneal  and  tarsal. 

12.  Tarsal.  To  outer  surface  of  tarsus  : anastomoses  with  ex- 
ternal malleolar,  external  plantar,  and  metatarsal. 

13.  Metatarsal.  To  metatarsus  : anastomoses  with  branches  of 
external  plantar. 

14.  Dorsal  of  Great  Toe,  (Dorsalis  Hallucis.)  To  back  of  great 
toe,  and  outer  side  of  next  toe. 

* Termination  of  anterior  tibial,  passing  to  the  sole  of  the  foot 
to  join  plantar  arch. 

15.  Peroneal  or  Fibidar.  From  posterior  tibial,  down  to  ankle 
and  outer  side  of  foot : anastomoses  with  anterior  tibial. 

16.  Nutritious.  To  the  tibia. 

17.  Int.  Plantar.  Along  inner  side  of  foot  to  the  great  toe: 
anastomoses  with  dorsalis. 

18.  Ext.  Plantar.  Crosses  sole  of  foot  to  outer  margin. 

19.19.  Plantar  Arch.  Sending  perforating  arteries  to  interosseal 

muscles  : anastomoses  with  metatarsal  arteries  $ terminates 
in  anterior  tibial. 

20.  20.  20.  20.  Four  Digital  Arteries.  Arising  from  platar  arch 
to  supply  the  toes. 


14 


Plate  VIII.  FCETAL  CIRCULATION. 


A.  A.  The  liver. 


Fig.  I. 

B.  Vena  cava,  ascendens. 


1.  Umbilical  Vein.  Running  in  the  umbilical  fissure,  to  open  in 
left  branch  of  sinus  venae  portae. 

2 —  2.  Vena  Portae.  Dividing  to  form  the  Sinus. 

3 —  3.  Left  branch  of  sinus  venae  portae. 

4.  Right  branch  of  sinus  venae  portae. 

5.  Left  hepatic  vein. 

6.  Ductus  Venosus.  Conveying  blood  from  umbilical  vein,  into 

left  hepatic  vein,  and  thus  into  vena  cava. 


5.  5.  Branches  of  pulmonary  artery,  to  right  and  left  lungs. 

6.  Ductus  Arteriosus.  Conveying  blood  from  pulmonary  artery 

into  aorta. 

7.  7.  Great  trunks  from  aorta,  to  supply  head  and  upper  ex- 

tremities. 


A.  A.  Right  auricle  and  ventricle,  communicating  by  ostcum 

venosum. 

B.  B.  Left  auricle  and  ventricle  ; also  communicating. 

1.  1.  Superior  and  Inferior  venae  cnvae. 

2.  Eustachian  Valve.  Directingtheblood  toward  the  foramen  ovale. 

3.  Foramen  Ovale.  Forming  a communication  between  the  two 

auricles. 

4.  Valve  in  left  auricle,  opposed  to  foramen  ovale,  and  subse- 

quently closing  it. 

5.  Pulmonary  Veins.  Returning  blood  from  lungs  to  left  auricle. 


Fig.  II. 


1.  Right  ventricle  of  foetal  heart. 
3.  3.  Aorta. 


2.  Left  ventricle. 

4.  Pulmonary  Artery. 


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15 


Plate  IX.  CiELIAC  ARTERY. 

Fig.  I. 

1.  Cseliac  Trunk.  2.  Hepatic,  to  liver  and  gall  bladder. 

3.  Right  Gastro  Epiploic.  To  right  extremity  of  the  stomach. 

Branch  of  the  hepatic. 

4.  Superior  Gastric , or  Coronary.  To  cardia,  and  upper  curve 

of  stomach. 

5.  Splenic,  which  supplies  the  pancreas,  in  its  course  to  the 

spleen. 

6.  6.  Vasa  Brevia.  From  cul  de  sac  of  the  stomach. 

7.  Left  Gastro  Epiploic.  Termination  of  splenic,  to  great  cur- 

vature of  stomach. 

8.  Branches  passing  into  the  spleen. 

Fig.  II.  Arteries  of  Colon. 

A.  Superior  Mesenteric.  B.  Inferior  Mesenteric. 

1.  Ileo  Colic.  To  caput  coli,  and  termination  of  ileum. 

2.  Right  Colic.  To  right  ascending  colon. 

3.  Middle  Colic.  To  transverse  colon.  Terminates  in  superior 

left  colic  branch. 

4.  Superior  Left  Colic.  To  transverse  colon,  completing  the 

great  colic  arch. 

5.  Middle  Left  Colic.  To  ascending  colon. 

6.  Inferior  Left  Colic.  To  sigmoid  flexure. 

7.  Superior  Hxmorrhoiclal.  To  rectum.  Being  the  termination 

of  inferior  mesenteric. 

8.  Great  Colic  Arch. 

Fig.  III.  Vena  Portie. 

A.  Vena  Cava.  B.  Vena  Porte.  C.  Sinus  Vense  Porte. 

1.  Superior  Mesenteric  Vein. 

2.  Inferior  Mesenteric  Vein. 

3.  Splenic  Vein.  Receiving  also  those  from  left  end  of  stomach, 

and  from  the  pancreas. 

4.  Superior  Gastric,  or  Coronary. 

5.  5.5.  Three  Venos  Cavx  Hcpaticx.  From  liver,  opening  into 

vena  cava. 


